… Platform Regulation Platforms are important for the exchange of data and information and the connection of a potentially large number of service and product providers for self-driving cars. Platforms…
…algorithms designed by the technology company itself, this process is most likely to be biased favouring its own websites. Google has the flexibility to intervene with the self-learning algorithms and…
…of defence: right to be informed; right to access the file; privilege against self-incrimination (PASI) and legal professional privilege (LPP). The article shows that the NCAs selected as case studies…
…cartel and hence restrictive of competition by object. A more sophisticated form of colluding can be codifying anti-competitive terms and conditions into a self-executing smart contract running on top of…
…and magazines due to the different purpose, features and prices thereof. The Commission further separates sport newspapers in a self-contained market in view of their specific subject matter and targeted…
…be the position taken by the Commission in the Google Shopping case. Exclusionary abuse framework, including refusal to deal principles, are not applicable to cases of ‘self-preferencing’. Exclusion of competitors…
…the grounds of privilege against self-incrimination. However, the Tribunal decided that privilege against self-incrimination could not be claimed by the companies, as the employees had given the statements in their…
…structures, barriers to entry, market participants, the degree of market concentration, sector dynamics, regulations, self-regulations, and uses this information to draw conclusions on the state of the competitive environment. Also,…
…Switzerland through pharmacies and self-dispensing physicians who are authorized to sell medications themselves. These medications are prescription drugs, but not refunded by health insurers (“ED Medications”). All three pharmaceutical companies…
…discuss the risks associated with different ways firms can use algorithms, distinguishing between monitoring, parallel, signaling and self-learning algorithms. A. Monitoring algorithms The most obvious role of algorithms as facilitators…
