Competition enforcers have, over the last few years, peppered their reports with references to ‘ecosystems’. However, until CADE’s recent decision on the Apple case, it was no more than jargon. Landmark cases like Google Android, Amazon Marketplace and Google/Fitbit all refer to ‘ecosystems’. In its Apple decision, the European Commission used ‘ecosystem(s)’ 69 times. The…
The Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) published its decision clearing Google’s acquisition of generative AI developer Galileo AI (Galileo)[1]. Galileo AI was founded in 2022 and develops generative AI tools, namely text-to-user interface (UI) and image-to-UI tools. The decision (and the dissenting opinion) provides insights into how competition authorities struggle to tackle anticompetitive risk arising from…
Advocate General Kokott has delivered her Opinion in the Google Android appeal, recommending that Google’s appeal be dismissed in its entirety and that the General Court’s 2022 judgment be upheld. In that judgment, the Court confirmed all relevant aspects of DG COMP’s 2018 decision, including the finding that Google had abused the Android mobile Operating…
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and implementation of the DMA’s provisions under Article 11 DMA as well as their reports on consumer profiling techniques as required under Article 15 DMA. A year later, six gatekeepers…
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and implementation of the DMA’s provisions under Article 11 DMA as well as their reports on consumer profiling techniques as required under Article 15 DMA. A year later,…
In March 2025, Meta rolled out its AI assistant in Europe, which is accessible through its WhatsApp Messenger and will soon be available on Instagram and Facebook Messenger, too. The feature grants users of its platforms access to a “reliable and intelligent assistant” via a “new blue circle icon” on the apps. Trans-Atlantic observers may…
Google’s ‘Be Evil’ transformation (if not merely a narrative) and the antitrust efforts to avenge it (if not exact revenge) are no longer novel. Most notably, following Judge Amit P. Mehta’s historic 2024 ruling from the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against Google’s exclusive agreements, including ISA (Internet Services Agreement), MADAs (Mobile…
Fast and furious: that was the premise that would make the DMA’s enforcement effective. Overcompensating for past grievances in the application of Article 102 TFEU in the digital markets in terms of speed and remedies justifies the DMA’s need for having regulatory teeth. And teeth it has. On 22 April 2025, the European Commission (EC)…
On 14 April 2025, Meta confirmed that it will start training its AI with publicly available data from Europeans so its models “can understand the incredible and diverse nuances and complexities that make up European communities”. Regardless of the wider repercussions of such a move from the data protection perspective, since Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp and…
Brazil is on the verge of a significant regulatory shift, actively exploring the introduction of ex ante competition regulation designed to address potential harms from digital platforms before they become entrenched. Two initiatives have placed this debate at the forefront of the national policy agenda: Bill No. 2,768/2022 (the Bill) introduced to the Chamber of…
