…(CMA) studied competition concerns along the foundation models (FM) value chain, and acknowledged competition concerns such as self-preferencing, vertical integration, refusal to supply and unfair terms and conditions. The French…
…the application of this system by catering to different product types on Amazon as opposed to those provided on different marketplaces. Same ol’ same ol’ self-preferencing As the renowned…
…filings cannot be formally submitted directly to the DG GROW. In the FSR filing, the bidding entity provides information on the public tender itself, its linear ownership structure, including whether…
…creates a self-standing rule of exclusion. It is a generous exclusionary rule because all that has to be shown is that the ‘nature and purpose’ or the agreement justifies the…
…self-preferencing, are not harmful to competition. This reverse burden compels SMS firms to justify their practices without clear guidance on what evidence will be deemed sufficient. Moreover, the triple burden…
…standalone, self-sustaining economic resources. Nor are they comparable to proprietary intangible assets such as patents or software licences, which remain separate and identifiable irrespective of the personnel involved. Nonetheless, German…
…advantage of incumbents who already operate at scale and can leverage proprietary data flows to improve their models. A self-preferencing case Another potential theory of harm is that Meta…
…sufficiently revealed the competitive harm posed by the conduct in question, and whether the decision served as a meaningful precedent capable of guiding firms to self-assess and appropriately modify their…
…posed to informational self-determination, despite the fact that news outlets and publishers streamlined them into the generation of revenue online. They were right to do so. Meta’s pay or consent…
…concentration due to high fixed costs, negligible marginal costs, and self-reinforcing network effects. These factors create substantial switching costs, making it difficult for users to collectively move away from an…
