A cooperative organization which is composed of several other associations of undertakings and individual companies can be considered, at the same time, an undertaking and an association of undertakings for the purpose of applying Article 101 TFEU to the anticompetitive conduct of such an organization. It can be fined by taking into account its own…

Antitrust authorities around the globe are debating how best to assess sustainability agreements, i.e., agreements to achieve environmental objectives.  In the space of a few months in 2023, three leading regulators – the EU Commission, the Dutch Authority for Consumers and Markets, and the UK Competition and Markets Authority adopted guidance on the antitrust assessment…