Automotive, Türkiye, Vertical agreements

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Introduction The rise of electric passenger cars has reshaped global markets, driven by decarbonization policies, growing consumer awareness, and innovative marketing strategies. Türkiye is no exception, with the sector developing rapidly. A significant step in this evolution is the Turkish Competition Authority’s (“TCA”) decision dated December 21, 2023. This decision granted an individual exemption for…

AI, Data protection, Digital markets, Digital Markets Act

(University Villanueva, Spain)/ /Leave a comment

Deployment of systems of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become mainstream and popular with small and large economic operators. One of the most raging developments includes services relying on natural language processing (NLP) taking the form of chatbots. In a previous blog post, I explored the opportunities the Digital Markets Act (DMA) provides the regulator to…

Ancillary, Digital competition, Digital economy, European Court of Justice, Market definition, Platforms, Pricing

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The recent judgment of the CJEU in Booking.com represents yet another development in the long series of cases concerning price parity clauses in the platform economy. In Booking.com’s case, the judgment represents the end of the line for its parity clauses. In its greater context of applying EU competition law in the digital economy, the…

Conference, Digital, Digital competition, Digital economy, Digital markets, Digital Markets Act, Digital Services Act, Digitisation, Enforcement

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While core competition law enforcement has been going on for a while, the enforcement of the adjacent digital regulation is just beginning. The conference “Tools for Better Enforcement of EU Law in the Digital Space” dealt with such problems and took place on November 7 and 8, 2024 at the European Legal Studies Institute (ELSI)…

Foreign subsidies, Foreign Subsidy Regulation

(Norton Rose Fulbright, Belgium) and (Norton Rose Fulbright)/ /Leave a comment

Introduction Since October 2023, the European Commission has been aggressively enforcing a revolutionary new European Union (EU) law, the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR). The FSR is designed to prevent “foreign” – meaning non-EU — subsidies from distorting the EU internal market.  The FSR introduced new legal concepts, in particular, the “foreign financial contribution” (FFC), and…

Competition enforcement, Competition policy, Digital competition, European Commission, European Union, New Competition Tool

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The Draghi Report proposes substantial reform in the area of competition law, notably offering a critical assessment of recent policies implemented by the European Commission in merger control and antitrust enforcement. The Report will serve as a potential blueprint for Teresa Ribera Rodríguez, the Competition Commissioner-Designate and the European Commission to shape and execute competition…

European Commission, Foreign direct investment, Foreign investment, Legislation

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Introduction   Earlier this year, the European Commission published a legislative proposal for a new FDI Screening Regulation. The legislative proposal builds, as noted in the Commission’s 4th Annual Report on the screening of foreign direct investments (FDI), on the experience gained by the Commission and EU Member States over the previous three years under…

Apple, European Court of Justice, State aid, Subsidies, Tax, Taxation

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On September 10, 2024, the European Court of Justice (ECJ or Court) sided with the European Commission (Commission) and ruled that two Irish subsidiaries of Apple Inc. received unlawful state aid from Ireland in the form of a tax advantage (Case C-465/20 P). Ireland has reported that it will now finalise the recovery of approximately…

Cartels, Damages, Economics, Estimation, Germany, Information exchange

(Oxera Consulting LLP)/ /1 Comment

Introduction Cartel damages proceedings are a highly interdisciplinary endeavour between lawyers and economists in many jurisdictions, including Germany. Lawyers and courts in such proceedings must, among other things, answer a fundamentally economic question—namely, what would have been the price in a market absent the infringement? In addition, the European Damages Directive of 2014 has set…

Australia, ESG, Sustainability

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In Brief The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) continue to be vigilant and seek significant penalties for alleged “greenwashing” (misleading environmental or sustainability claims). The ACCC has been vocal that greenwashing is an enforcement priority for some time and, in December 2023, issued guidance for businesses in…