Advocate General, Disclosure, European Union, Evidence, Private enforcement

(Clifford Chance)/ /Leave a comment

I. Executive Summary The opinion delivered on 12 June 2025 by Advocate General Maciej Szpunar (“AG“) before the European Court of Justice (“ECJ“) in Case C-286/24 Meliá Hotels International v Associação Ius Omnibus has a clarifying effect in the still relatively new regime of private enforcement of cartel law with regard to the handling of…

Apple, Brazil, Digital markets, Ecosystems, Theory of harm

(Joint Research Centre – European Commission)/ /Leave a comment

Competition enforcers have, over the last few years, peppered their reports with references to ‘ecosystems’. However, until CADE’s recent decision on the Apple case, it was no more than jargon. Landmark cases like Google Android, Amazon Marketplace and Google/Fitbit all refer to ‘ecosystems’. In its Apple decision, the European Commission used ‘ecosystem(s)’ 69 times. The…

Abuse of dominance, Enforcement, India, Supply chain

, (Centre for Competition Law and Economics)/ /Leave a comment

Introduction The Supreme Court of India recently passed its judgment in the Schott Glass case[1]. The ruling comes after more than ten years when the Competition Commission of India first adjudged the matter and passed a contravention order against Schott Glass India Private Limited (‘Schott Glass’). The SC has mostly confirmed the findings of Competition…

Digital markets, Merger control, Merger Thresholds, Türkiye

(SOMO)/ /Leave a comment

The Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) published its decision clearing Google’s acquisition of generative AI developer Galileo AI (Galileo)[1]. Galileo AI was founded in 2022 and develops generative AI tools, namely text-to-user interface (UI) and image-to-UI tools.  The decision (and the dissenting opinion) provides insights into how competition authorities struggle to tackle anticompetitive risk arising from…

AI, Competition, Data protection, Regulation

(University of Maastricht)/ /Leave a comment

As per McKinsey, a top consulting firm, generative AI could add $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion to the global economy within the next decade. This emerging value and the growth potential of generative AI has also attracted the attention of competition authorities worldwide. In light of their experience in digital markets, competition authorities considered that…

Competition law, European Union, Foreign subsidies, Foreign Subsidy Regulation, State aid

(Camesasca bvba), (Parnima Consulting), and (Konstantina E. Sideri Law Office)/ /Leave a comment

From legal tool to political shortcut? The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) was initially designed as a legal tool to ensure that foreign state support does not distort competition in the EU internal market. It seeks to scrutinize subsidies by non-EU countries similar to state aid provided by EU countries. That was the idea. However,…

Abuse of dominance, Advocate General, Digital markets, European Union, Google

(University of Copenhagen)/ /Leave a comment

Advocate General Kokott has delivered her Opinion in the Google Android appeal, recommending that Google’s appeal be dismissed in its entirety and that the General Court’s 2022 judgment be upheld. In that judgment, the Court confirmed all relevant aspects of DG COMP’s 2018 decision, including the finding that Google had abused the Android mobile Operating…

AI, Algorithms, Amazon, Digital, Digital competition, Digital economy, Digital markets, Digital Markets Act, European Commission, European Union, Ex ante regulation

(University Villanueva, Spain)/ /Leave a comment

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and implementation of the DMA’s provisions under Article 11 DMA as well as their reports on consumer profiling techniques as required under Article 15 DMA. A year later, six gatekeepers…

AI, Digital competition, Digital economy, Digital markets, Digital Markets Act, European Union

(University Villanueva, Spain)/ /Leave a comment

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) became entirely applicable on 7 March 2024 for most gatekeepers. By then, the gatekeepers issued their compliance reports documenting their technical solutions and implementation of the DMA’s provisions under Article 11 DMA as well as their reports on consumer profiling techniques as required under Article 15 DMA. A year later,…

Financial markets, Fintech, Türkiye

(CD Law)/ /Leave a comment

Payment Systems in Turkey Payment and Electronic Money Institutions are entities licensed to operate as a payment institutions or electronic money institutions pursuant to the Law No. 6493 on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions (“Law No. 6493”) and the Regulation on Payment Services and Electronic Money Issuance and Payment…